Research papers

A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character

C. Robert Cloninger

In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.

Department of Computer Science

Hylke Buisman, Manuel Gomez-rodriguez, Saeed Hassanpour

Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing

Mark Weiser

article Free Access Share on Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing Author: Mark Weiser Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 36Issue 7July 1993 pp 75–84https://doi.org/10.1145/159544.159617Published:01 July 1993Publication History 1,500citation17,779DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1,500Total Downloads17,779Last 12 Months736Last 6 weeks162 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF

Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)

Scott M. Grundy

THE SECOND report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II, or ATP II) presents the National Cholesterol Education Program's updated recommendations for cholesterol management. It is similar to the first in general outline, and the fundamental approach to treatment of high blood cholesterol is comparable. This report continues to identify low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as the primary target of cholesterol-lowering therapy. As in the first report, the second report emphasizes the role of the clinical approach in primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary therapy remains the first line of treatment of high blood cholesterol, and drug therapy is reserved for patients who are considered to be at high risk for CHD. However, the second report contains new features that distinguish it from the first. These include the following: Increased emphasis on See also pp 3002 and 3009.

Particle mesh Ewald: An N ⋅log( N ) method for Ewald sums in large systems

Tom Darden, Darrin M. York, Lee G. Pedersen

An N⋅log(N) method for evaluating electrostatic energies and forces of large periodic systems is presented. The method is based on interpolation of the reciprocal space Ewald sums and evaluation of the resulting convolutions using fast Fourier transforms. Timings and accuracies are presented for three large crystalline ionic systems.

Tissue Engineering

Róbert Langer, Joseph P. Vacanti

The loss or failure of an organ or tissue is one of the most frequent, devastating, and costly problems in human health care. A new field, tissue engineering, applies the principles of biology and engineering to the development of functional substitutes for damaged tissue. This article discusses the foundations and challenges of this interdisciplinary field and its attempts to provide solutions to tissue creation and repair.

Studies on the biology and aquaculture potential of feral catfish<i>Heterobranchus bidorsalis</i>(Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1809) (Clariidae)

O. A. Fagbenro, Chris O. Adedire, E. A. Owoseeni, E. O. Ayotunde

Haematological profile of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Geoffroy St. Hilaire 1809) was determined. Haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentrations, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, sodium and potassium ions concentrations were 24.75±1.23%, 5.43±0.25 g/100 ml, 1.99±0.52 106/mm3 and 7.25±0.60 104/mm3, 22.11±0.77%, 802.52±36.97 and 83.54±5.05 mg/1, respectively. H. bidorsalis fingerlings were subjected to a range of salinities, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 ppt. The optimum salinity range for survival and good growth performance was determined as 0–3 ppt. Survival was >85% from 0–9 ppt with no significant differences (P>0.05), but decreased progressively as salinity increased. Qualitative and quantitative assays of digestive enzymes in the different regions of H. bidorsalis guts revealed an array of carbohydrases, proteases and lipases. Enzyme activity was restricted to the stomach, duodenum and ileum with fewer enzymes recorded in the stomach. The pattern of distribution and relative activity of enzymes correlated with its euryphagous diet. Parasitological examinations conducted on the skin and internal organs of H. bidorsalis yielded a variety of parasites which included three protozoans, two monogeans, six digeneans, four cestodes, two nematodes, two annelids and four copepods. No acanthocephalan infection was detected. Protocephalus sp. (Cestoda) and Allocreadium sp. (Trematoda) had the highest prevalence (>81%) followed by digenean metacercaria (35%). The implications of these results in relation to the aquaculture potential of this catfish is discussed.

Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank

Mitchell P. Marcus

As a result of this grant, the researchers have now published oil CDROM a corpus of over 4 million words of running text annotated with part-of- speech (POS) tags, with over 3 million words of that material assigned skeletal grammatical structure. This material now includes a fully hand-parsed version of the classic Brown corpus. About one half of the papers at the ACL Workshop on Using Large Text Corpora this past summer were based on the materials generated by this grant.

Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds

Eugene F. Fama, Kenneth R. French

A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

T.V.P. Bliss, Graham L. Collingridge

Ethylene in plant biology

Peter J. Davies

Toward an epistemology of physics

Andrea A. diSessa

The aim of this work is twofold: to understand the intuitive sense of mechanism that accounts for commonsense predictions, expectations, explanations, and judg-ments of plausibility concerning mechanically causal situations and to understand how those intuitive ideas contribute to and develop into school physics. To facili-tate this, I provide a framework for describing and correlating characteristics of weakly organized knowledge systems. The framework is aimed at answering, at a coarse level of detail, a set of questions central to a full theory of knowledge: What are the elements of knowledge; how do they arise; what level and kind of systematicity exists; how does the system as a whole evolve; and what can be said about the underlying cognitive mechanisms that are responsible for the normal oper-ation of the system and its evolution? The empirical base is a set of clinical interviews of undergraduate physics stu-dents trying to solve a set of specially designed problems. Observations from this core and from the existing literature are extended with informal data and synthe-sized using the general framework.

Molecular biology of xylan degradation

Jennifer A. Thomson

Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture

Peter Cook

(1993). Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. South African Journal of Zoology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 126-126.

Usability Engineering

Usability Engineering

Jakob Nielsen

From the Publisher: Written by the author of the best-selling HyperText & HyperMedia, this book provides an excellent guide to the methods of usability engineering. Special features: emphasizes cost-effective methods that will help developers improve their user interfaces immediately, shows you how to avoid the four most frequently listed reasons for delay in software projects, provides step-by-step information about which methods to use at various stages during the development life cycle, and offers information on the unique issues relating to informational usability. You do not need to have previous knowledge of usability to implement the methods provided, yet all of the latest research is covered.

Molecular biology for platelet alloantigen typing

L. M. Williamson, David A. Bruce, A. Lubenko, H. J. Chana, Willem H. Ouwehand

Hitherto, full investigation of patients with alloimmunization to platelet-specific antigens has been difficult due to the limited availability of both typing reagents and panels of typed platelets. Following recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of platelet alloantigens, it is now possible to genotype individuals for the alleles coding for the epitopes of four platelet antigen systems (HPA-1-4). This is based on the finding that the two alleles differ by only a single base pair substitution, resulting in one amino acid difference in the relevant platelet glycoprotein. The technique involves amplification of the relevant segments of genomic DNA from any nucleated cell by the polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The technique allows investigation of thrombocytopenic individuals and fetuses/neonates, and can be readily applied to large-scale typing of platelet donors.

Lange's handbook of chemistry

Lange, Norbert Adolph 1892-1970, Speight, James G.

Respected for over seven decades as the standard reference for chemists and chemical engineers, this extensively revised and updated 70th Anniversary Edition of Lange9s Handbook of Chemistry is an enormous compendium of facts, data, and tabular material. Lange9s lists the properties of over 4000 organic and 1400 inorganic compounds. The new edition features new tables covering viscosity, thermal conductivity, critical constants, explosion limits, and vapor density; and for the first time in Lange9s, equations allow the calculation of values such as temperature and pressure.

Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit

Michael W. Browne, Robert Cudeck

This article is concerned with measures of fit of a model. Two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered. The first is error of approximation which involves the fit of the model, with optimally chosen but unknown parameter values, to the population covariance matrix. The second is overall error which involves the fit of the model, with parameter values estimated from the sample, to the population covariance matrix. Measures of the two types of error are proposed and point and interval estimates of the measures are suggested. These measures take the number of parameters in the model into account in order to avoid penalizing parsimonious models. Practical difficulties associated with the usual tests of exact fit or a model are discussed and a test of “close fit” of a model is suggested.

Settle: An analytical version of the SHAKE and RATTLE algorithm for rigid water models

Shuichi Miyamoto, Peter A. Kollman

Abstract An analytical algorithm, called SETTLE, for resetting the positions and velocities to satisfy the holonomic constraints on the rigid water model is presented. This method is still based on the Cartesian coordinate system and can be used in place of SHAKE and RATTLE. We implemented this algorithm in the SPASMS package of molecular mechanics and dynamics. Several series of molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to examine the performance of the new algorithm in comparison with the original RATTLE method. It was found that SETTLE is of higher accuracy and is faster than RATTLE with reasonable tolerances by three to nine times on a scalar machine. Furthermore, the performance improvement ranged from factors of 26 to 98 on a vector machine since the method presented is not iterative. © 1992 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.

Biology, status and management of rice insect pests in Nigeria

E.D.N. Umeh, R. C. Joshi, M. N. Ukwungwu

A Simple Model of Herd Behavior

Abhijit Banerjee

We analyze a sequential decision model in which each decision maker looks at the decisions made by previous decision makers in taking her own decision. This is rational for her because these other decision makers may have some information that is important for her. We then show that the decision rules that are chosen by optimizing individuals will be characterized by herd behavior; i.e., people will be doing what others are doing rather than using their information. We then show that the resulting equilibrium is inefficient.

Accurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation energy

John P. Perdew, Yue Wang

We propose a simple analytic representation of the correlation energy ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for a uniform electron gas, as a function of density parameter ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$ and relative spin polarization \ensuremath{\zeta}. Within the random-phase approximation (RPA), this representation allows for the ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3/4}$ behavior as ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. Close agreement with numerical RPA values for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{c}}$(${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$,0), ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{c}}$(${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$,1), and the spin stiffness ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{c}}$(${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$)=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\partial}}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{c}}$(${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$, \ensuremath{\zeta}=0)/\ensuremath{\delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}^{2}$, and recovery of the correct ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$ln${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$ term for ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, indicate the appropriateness of the chosen analytic form. Beyond RPA, different parameters for the same analytic form are found by fitting to the Green's-function Monte Carlo data of Ceperley and Alder [Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 566 (1980)], taking into account data uncertainties that have been ignored in earlier fits by Vosko, Wilk, and Nusair (VWN) [Can. J. Phys. 58, 1200 (1980)] or by Perdew and Zunger (PZ) [Phys. Rev. B 23, 5048 (1981)]. While we confirm the practical accuracy of the VWN and PZ representations, we eliminate some minor problems with these forms. We study the \ensuremath{\zeta}-dependent coefficients in the high- and low-density expansions, and the ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$-dependent spin susceptibility. We also present a conjecture for the exact low-density limit. The correlation potential ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}$(${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$,\ensuremath{\zeta}) is evaluated for use in self-consistent density-functional calculations.

An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments

W. C. Oliver, George M. Pharr