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1,332 papers found.
Abstract This textbook offers students and researchers an overview of the physical aspects of ferromagnetism. It emphasizes the explanations of physical concepts rather than rigorous theoretical treatments that require a more advanced background than is assumed here. The book includes recent developments and techniques in magnetics, and describes magnetic phenomena and engineering applications in magnetism.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198517764.001.0001The establishment of a vascular supply is required for organ development and differentiation as well as for tissue repair and reproductive functions in the adult1. Neovascularization (angiogenesis) is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders. These include: proliferative retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis1,2. A strong correlation has been noted between density of microvessels in primary breast cancers and their nodal metastases and patient survival3. Similarly, a correlation has been reported between vascularity and invasive behavior in several other tumors4–6.
DOI: 10.1210/edrv.18.1.0287Wolbachia are a common and widespread group of bacteria found in reproductive tissues of arthropods. These bacteria are transmitted through the cytoplasm of eggs and have evolved various mechanisms for manipulating reproduction of their hosts, including induction of reproductive incompatibility, parthenogenesis, and feminization. Wolbachia are also transmitted horizontally between arthropod species. Significant recent advances have been made in the study of these interesting microorganisms. In this paper, Wolbachia biology is reviewed, including their phylogeny and distribution, mechanisms of action, population biology and evolution, and biological control implications. Potential directions for future research are also discussed.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.587Part I. Exact String Matching: The Fundamental String Problem: 1. Exact matching: fundamental preprocessing and first algorithms 2. Exact matching: classical comparison-based methods 3. Exact matching: a deeper look at classical methods 4. Semi-numerical string matching Part II. Suffix Trees and their Uses: 5. Introduction to suffix trees 6. Linear time construction of suffix trees 7. First applications of suffix trees 8. Constant time lowest common ancestor retrieval 9. More applications of suffix trees Part III. Inexact Matching, Sequence Alignment and Dynamic Programming: 10. The importance of (sub)sequence comparison in molecular biology 11. Core string edits, alignments and dynamic programming 12. Refining core string edits and alignments 13. Extending the core problems 14. Multiple string comparison: the Holy Grail 15. Sequence database and their uses: the motherlode Part IV. Currents, Cousins and Cameos: 16. Maps, mapping, sequencing and superstrings 17. Strings and evolutionary trees 18. Three short topics 19. Models of genome-level mutations.
In a masterly commentary on the possibilities of education, Bruner reveals how education can usher children into their culture, though it often fails to do so. Bruner looks past the issue of achieving individual competence to the question of how education equips individuals to participate in the culture on which life and livelihood depend.
DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv136c601Neuronal growth cones navigate over long distances along specific pathways to find their correct targets. The mechanisms and molecules that direct this pathfinding are the topics of this review. Growth cones appear to be guided by at least four different mechanisms: contact attraction, chemoattraction, contact repulsion, and chemorepulsion. Evidence is accumulating that these mechanisms act simultaneously and in a coordinated manner to direct pathfinding and that they are mediated by mechanistically and evolutionarily conserved ligand-receptor systems.
DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5290.1123Generalized gradient approximations (GGA's) for the exchange-correlation energy improve upon the local spin density (LSD) description of atoms, molecules, and solids. We present a simple derivation of a simple GGA, in which all parameters (other than those in LSD) are fundamental constants. Only general features of the detailed construction underlying the Perdew-Wang 1991 (PW91) GGA are invoked. Improvements over PW91 include an accurate description of the linear response of the uniform electron gas, correct behavior under uniform scaling, and a smoother potential.
DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.3865Samenvatting:The book for introductory microbiology, Brock's Biology of Microorganismscontinues its long tradition of impeccable scholarship, outstanding art,and accuracy. It balances the most current coverage with the majorclassical concepts essential for understanding the science. A six-partpresentation covers principles of microbiology; evolutionary microbiologyand microbial diversity; metabolic diversity and microbial ecology;immunology, pathogenicity, and host responses; microbial diseases; andmicroorganisms as tools for industry and research. For researchers, groupleaders, senior scientists in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and biochemicalbiotechnology companies, and public health laboratories.
Abstract This is a unique, in-depth discussion of the uses and conduct of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) as decision-making aids in the health and medical fields. The product of over two years of deiberation by a multi-disciplinary Public Health Service appointed panel that included economists, ethicists, psychometricians, and clinicians, it explores cost-effectiveness in the context of societal decision-making for resource allocation purposes. It proposes that analysts include a “reference-case” analysis in all CEA’s designed to inform resource allocation and puts forth the most expicit set of guidelines (together with their rationale) ever outlined of the conduct of CEAs. Important theoretical and practical issues encountered in measuring costs and effectiveness, valuing outcomes, discounting, and dealing with uncertainty are examined in separate chapters. These discussions are complemented by additional chapters on framing and reporting of CEAs that aim to clarify the purpose of the analysis and the effective communication of its findings. Primarily intended for analysts in medicine and public health who wish to improve practice and comparability of CEAs, this book will also be of interest to decision-makers in government, managed care, and industry who wish to consider the roles and limitations of CEA and become familiar with criteria for evaluating these studies.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195108248.001.0001This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.
DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.1Regression methods were used to select and score 12 items from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) to reproduce the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scales in the general US population (n=2,333). The resulting 12-item short-form (SF-12) achieved multiple R squares of 0.911 and 0.918 in predictions of the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and SF-36 Mental Component Summary scores, respectively. Scoring algorithms from the general population used to score 12-item versions of the two components (Physical Components Summary and Mental Component Summary) achieved R squares of 0.905 with the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and 0.938 with SF-36 Mental Component Summary when cross-validated in the Medical Outcomes Study. Test-retest (2-week)correlations of 0.89 and 0.76 were observed for the 12-item Physical Component Summary and the 12-item Mental Component Summary, respectively, in the general US population (n=232). Twenty cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of empirical validity previously published for the 36-item short-form scales and summary measures were replicated for the 12-item Physical Component Summary and the 12-item Mental Component Summary, including comparisons between patient groups known to differ or to change in terms of the presence and seriousness of physical and mental conditions, acute symptoms, age and aging, self-reported 1-year changes in health, and recovery for depression. In 14 validity tests involving physical criteria, relative validity estimates for the 12-item Physical Component Summary ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 (median=0.67) in comparison with the best 36-item short-form scale. Relative validity estimates for the 12-item Mental Component Summary in 6 tests involving mental criteria ranged from 0.60 to 107 (median=0.97) in relation to the best 36-item short-form scale. Average scores for the 2 summary measures, and those for most scales in the 8-scale profile based on the 12-item short-form, closely mirrored those for the 36-item short-form, although standard errors were nearly always larger for the 12-item short-form.
DOI: 10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003Multivariable regression models are powerful tools that are used frequently in studies of clinical outcomes. These models can use a mixture of categorical and continuous variables and can handle partially observed (censored) responses. However, uncritical application of modelling techniques can result in models that poorly fit the dataset at hand, or, even more likely, inaccurately predict outcomes on new subjects. One must know how to measure qualities of a model's fit in order to avoid poorly fitted or overfitted models. Measurement of predictive accuracy can be difficult for survival time data in the presence of censoring. We discuss an easily interpretable index of predictive discrimination as well as methods for assessing calibration of predicted survival probabilities. Both types of predictive accuracy should be unbiasedly validated using bootstrapping or cross-validation, before using predictions in a new data series. We discuss some of the hazards of poorly fitted and overfitted regression models and present one modelling strategy that avoids many of the problems discussed. The methods described are applicable to all regression models, but are particularly needed for binary, ordinal, and time-to-event outcomes. Methods are illustrated with a survival analysis in prostate cancer using Cox regression.
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::aid-sim168>3.0.co;2-4Security administration of large systems is complex, but it can be simplified by a role-based access control approach. This article explains why RBAC is receiving renewed attention as a method of security administration and review, describes a framework of four reference models developed to better understand RBAC and categorizes different implementations, and discusses the use of RBAC to manage itself.
DOI: 10.1109/2.485845ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural and Functional Aspects of Metal Sites in BiologyRichard H. Holm, Pierre Kennepohl, and Edward I. SolomonView Author Information Departments of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 7, 2239–2314Publication Date (Web):November 7, 1996Publication History Received10 June 1996Revised3 September 1996Published online7 November 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9500390https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9500390research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views16245Altmetric-Citations2150LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Copper,Iron,Ligands,Metals,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
DOI: 10.1021/cr9500390Preface The Enteric Bacterial Cell and the Age of Bacteria Variations on a Theme by Escherichia Part I: Molecular Architecture and Assembly of Cell Parts (11 chapters) Part II: Metabolism and General Physiology (58 chapters) Part III: Utilization of Energy for Cell Activities (7 chapters) Part IV: Regulation of Gene Expression (19 chapters) Part V: Growth of Cells and Cultures (12 chapters) Part VI: Genome, Genetics and Evolution (40 chapters) Part VII: Molecular Pathogenesis (7 chapters)
A total of 216 breast milk samples collected from nursing mothers and corresponding numbers of finger prick sera from their suckling babies were tested for measles antibodies. Fifty (22.1%) of the nursing mothers had antibody while 38 (16.8%) of the sera were positive for measles haemagglutinating (HI) antibodies. Forty-one (18.9%) breast milk samples were found to contain measles complement fixing (CF) antibody while none of the serum samples from the suckling babies had CF antibody. Only 12 of the positive sera were from HI positive mothers. Our result suggests that very little level of measles antibody is passed through the breast milk.
Epistemic logic has grown from its philosophical beginnings to find diverse applications in computer science as a means of reasoning about the knowledge and belief of agents. This book, based on courses taught at universities and summer schools, provides a broad introduction to the subject; many exercises are included together with their solutions. The authors begin by presenting the necessary apparatus from mathematics and logic, including Kripke semantics and the well-known modal logics K, T, S4 and S5. Then they turn to applications in the contexts of distributed systems and artificial intelligence: topics that are addressed include the notions of common knowledge, distributed knowledge, explicit and implicit belief, the interplays between knowledge and time, and knowledge and action, as well as a graded (or numerical) variant of the epistemic operators. The problem of logical omniscience is also discussed extensively. Halpern and Moses' theory of honest formulae is covered, and a digression is made into the realm of non-monotonic reasoning and preferential entailment. Moore's autoepistemic logic is discussed, together with Levesque's related logic of 'all I know'. Furthermore, it is shown how one can base default and counterfactual reasoning on epistemic logic.
DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511569852The long-anticipated revision of this #1 selling book offers the most comprehensive, state of the art introduction to the theory and practice of artificial intelligence for modern applications. Intelligent Agents. Solving Problems by Searching. Informed Search Methods. Game Playing. Agents that Reason Logically. First-order Logic. Building a Knowledge Base. Inference in First-Order Logic. Logical Reasoning Systems. Practical Planning. Planning and Acting. Uncertainty. Probabilistic Reasoning Systems. Making Simple Decisions. Making Complex Decisions. Learning from Observations. Learning with Neural Networks. Reinforcement Learning. Knowledge in Learning. Agents that Communicate. Practical Communication in English. Perception. Robotics. For computer professionals, linguists, and cognitive scientists interested in artificial intelligence.
DOI: 10.5860/choice.33-1577Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Paul M. Chaikin, Thomas C. Lubensky, Thomas A. Witten; Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Physics Today 1 November 1995; 48 (11): 82. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2808258 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPhysics Today Search Advanced Search
DOI: 10.1063/1.2808258