TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015
AU  - Christina Fitzmaurice
AU  - Christine A. Allen
AU  - Ryan M Barber
AU  - Lars Barregård
AU  - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
AU  - Hermann Brenner
AU  - Daniel Dicker
AU  - Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir
AU  - Rakhi Dandona
AU  - Lalit Dandona
AU  - Tom Fleming
AU  - Mohammad H. Forouzanfar
AU  - Jamie Hancock
AU  - Roderick J. Hay
AU  - Rachel Hunter‐Merrill
AU  - Chantal Huynh
AU  - Hung Chak Ho
AU  - Catherine O. Johnson
AU  - Jost B Jonas
AU  - Jagdish Khubchandani
AU  - G Anil Kumar
AU  - Michael Kutz
AU  - Qing Lan
AU  - Heidi J. Larson
AU  - Xiaofeng Liang
AU  - Stephen S Lim
AU  - Alan D Lopez
AU  - Michael F MacIntyre
AU  - Laurie B. Marczak
AU  - Neal Marquez
AU  - Ali H. Mokdad
AU  - Christine Pinho
AU  - Farshad Pourmalek
AU  - Joshua A. Salomon
AU  - Juan Sanabria
AU  - Logan Sandar
AU  - Benn Sartorius
AU  - Stephen M. Schwartz
AU  - Katya Anne Shackelford
AU  - Kenji Shibuya
AU  - Jeffrey D Stanaway
AU  - Caitlyn Steiner
AU  - Jiandong Sun
AU  - Ken Takahashi
AU  - Stein Emil Vollset
AU  - Theo Vos
AU  - Joseph A. Wagner
AU  - Haidong Wang
AU  - Ronny Westerman
AU  - Hajo Zeeb
AU  - Leo Zoeckler
AU  - Foad Abd-Allah
AU  - Muktar Beshir Ahmed
AU  - Samer Alabed
AU  - Noore Alam
AU  - Saleh Fahed Aldhahri
AU  - Girma Alem
AU  - Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu
AU  - Raghib Ali
AU  - Rajaa Al‐Raddadi
AU  - Azmeraw T. Amare
AU  - Yaw Ampem Amoako
AU  - Al Artaman
AU  - Hamid Asayesh
AU  - Niguse Tadele Atnafu
AU  - Ashish Awasthi
AU  - Huda Ba Saleem
AU  - Aleksandra Barać
AU  - Neeraj Bedi
AU  - Isabela M. Benseñor
AU  - Adugnaw Berhane
AU  - Eduardo Bernabé
AU  - Balem Demtsu Betsu
AU  - Agnès Binagwaho
AU  - Dube Jara Boneya
AU  - Ismael Campos‐Nonato
AU  - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
AU  - Ferrán Catalá-López
AU  - Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang
AU  - Chioma Chibueze
AU  - Abdulaal Chitheer
AU  - Jee-Young Jasmine Choi
AU  - Benjamin Cowie
AU  - Solomon Abrha Damtew
AU  - José das Neves
AU  - Suhojit Dey
AU  - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
AU  - Preet K. Dhillon
AU  - Eric L. Ding
AU  - Tim Driscoll
AU  - Donatus U. Ekwueme
AU  - Aman Yesuf Endries
AU  - Maryam S. Farvid
AU  - Farshad Farzadfar
AU  - João Carlos Fernandes
AU  - Florian Fischer
AU  - Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot
AU  - Alemseged Aregay Gebru
AU  - Sameer Vali Gopalani
AU  - Alemayehu Hailu
PY  - 2016
JO  - JAMA Oncology
DO  - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning. OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results. FINDINGS: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.
ER  -